Mining Glossary

EYES ONLY – NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Stored at GlossaryMining.ProsperSystems.biz

Designed to be printed in Booklet Format

CAPS – JuniorMiners.com (Canadian)

U/l case often with links – ProspectorsParadise.com (US)

U/l Case* – KJ additions often with source as a link

CAPS** – Wells Historical Society and Wells Museum, BC - wells.entirety.ca/terms.htm

Bold definition*** – Gold-Speculator NI 43-101 definitions borrowed from NovaGold.com

CAPS definition**** – Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum for NI 43-101

BOLD CAPS***** – MINING INDUSTRY INFORMATION

ADIT** - A passageway or opening driven horizontally into the side of a hill generally for the purpose of exploring or otherwise opening a mineral deposit. An adit is open to the atmosphere at one end, a tunnel at both ends.

ADIT. A nearly horizontal passage driven from the surface to the mine workings.

ADJACENT PROPERTY – a property (a) in which the issuer does not have an interest; (b) that has a boundary reasonably proximate to the property being reported on; and (c) that has geological characteristics similar to those of the property being reported on.****

AERIAL TRAMWAY** - A system for the transporting of ore or rock in buckets which are suspended from a cable.

AIR DRILLING. Rotary drilling using compressed air.

ALLOY** - A compound of two or more metals, usually produced by fusion.

ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT. Sometimes referred to as placer. Sand, gravel etc, removed from a parent rock by water, time and erosion and deposited at a distance location.

Alluvial or Bench Deposits - An alluvial deposit is an ancient river-washed rock and gravel bar that may be thousands of feet from the nearest stream, creek, or river. Alluvial (or bench) deposits contain untapped potential for finding gold because such areas have never been worked before.

AMALGAMATION- A process by which gold and silver are extracted from an ore by dissolving them in mercury.

ANTICLINE. Upward fold or arch in the rock strata.

APEX** - The top or terminal edge of a vein on the surface or its nearest point to the surface.

ASSAY** - To test ores or minerals by chemical or other methods for the purpose of determining the amount of valuable metals contained.

ASSAY. The testing of an ore to determine the content of valuable minerals. Can be wet or fire.

ASSESMENT WORK. Work that is required to maintain one property. This is set by government set standards. Companies must spent a certain amount of dollars by, mapping, testing, trenching etc.

ASSESSMENT WORK** - The amount of work specified by law, which must be done each year to retain legal control of mining lands.

ATTITUDE. Direction and degree of a dip of a structure. This could be a vein, lode or zone of mineralization. Some call it dip and strike.

AURIFEROUS. This means gold bearing material (the kind everyone would like to find).

AUTOGENOUS GRINDING** - The process of grinding in a rotating mill which uses as a grinding medium large pieces or pebbles of the ore being ground, instead of conventional steel balls or rods.

BACKSTOPE** - The initial lift or slice when commencing to stope or mine from a drift.

BALL MILL** - A piece of milling equipment used to grind ore into small particles. It is a cylindrical shaped steel container filled with steel balls into which crushed ore is fed. The ball mill is rotated causing the balls themselves to cascade, which in turn grinds the ore.

BASAL TILL. Clay deposit material left along at the base of a glacier.

BASALT. Fine grained, darker-colored igneous rock. Old lava beds that have hardened.

BASE METAL** - A metal inferior in value to gold and silver, generally applied to the commercial metals such as copper, lead, etc.

BASE METALS. Commercial (non precious) metals such as lead, zinc, copper or nickle.

BEDROCK** - Solid rock forming the earth's crust, frequently covered by overburden or water.

BEDROCK. The solid base of earth under the over burden and soils or gravels.

Bench Deposit* – see Alluvial or Bench Deposits.

BIT** - The cutting end of boring instrument. In rock drilling, it is frequently made with ultra-hard material such as diamonds or tungsten carbide.

BITUMINOUS COAL. A middle rank coal formed by pressure and heat on lignite. Usually has a high Btu value (British Thermal Unit) and sometimes know as soft coal.

BLAST HOLE** - A hole drilled for purposes of blasting rather than for exploration or geological information.

BLOCK CAVING** - A cheap method of mining in which large blocks of ore are under cut, the ore breaking and caving under its own weight.

BONANZA** - Very rich ore, or situation.

BOREHOLE. The hole that is made from drilling a well, core etc.

BREAST** - A working face, usually restricted to a stope.

BrownField* - Existing mining area – opposite of a new, GreenField.

BTU. British thermal unit. The amount of energy that is required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Bucket Line Dredge - Unlike the modern, small scale dredges; a bucket line dredge was very large. Instead of sucking up water and gravel through the use of water pressure, the bucket line dredges would scoop it up and run it through a long sluice box. Only 10 cents of gold was needed for each square yard of material to make a profit back when these dredges were common in the 1890s and on into the early 1900s.

BULLION** - Metal in bars, ingots or other uncoined form.

CAGE** - The conveyance used to transport men and equipment in a shaft.

CALORIFIC VALUE. The amount of heat that can be obtained from one pound of coal or oil measured in BTU's.

CAMBRIAN. The earliest period of the Paleozoic era to which systems of rock may be assigned.

CAPEX or capex* – Capital expenditures creating future benefits.

CARBONATES. Minerals consisting of carbonates of calcium, iron or magnesium.

CATHODE** - A rectangular plate of metal produced by electrolytic refining which is melted into commercial shapes such as ingots.

CHANGE HOUSE** - A special building constructed at a mine where the miner changes to his working clothes; also known as a dry house.

CHUTE** - An inclined opening, usually constructed of timber and equipped with a gate, through which ore is drawn from a stope into mine cars.

CLAIM** - A portion of mining land held under federal or provincial law.

CLAIM. Claims are parcels of land that are staked by companies or individuals for the purpose of exploring and mining. Depending on the area and countries they are measured off in different sizes of acreage.

CLAIM- MILL SITE*****: A mill site must be located on non-mineral land. Its purpose is to either (1) support a lode or placer mining claim operation or (2) support itself independent of any particular claim. A mill site must include the erection of a mill or reduction works and/or may include other uses reasonably incident to the support of a mining operation. Descriptions of mill sites are by metes and bounds surveys or legal subdivision. The maximum size of a mill site is 5 acres.

CLAIM- PATENTED*****: A patented mining claim is one for which the Federal Government has passed its title to the claimant, making it private land. A person may mine and remove minerals from a mining claim without a mineral patent. However, a mineral patent gives the owner exclusive title to the locateble minerals. It also gives the owner title to the surface and other resources. With a Patented Cailm: You own the Land as well as the minerals

CLAIM- PLACER*****: Mineral deposits subject to placer claims include all those deposits not subject to lode claims. Originally, these included only deposits of unconsolidated materials, such as sand and gravel, containing free gold or other minerals. By Congressional acts and judicial interpretations, many nonmetallic bedded or layered deposits, such as gypsum and high calcium limestone, are also considered placer deposits. Placer claims, where practicable, are located by legal subdivision of land(for example: the E 1/2 NE 1/3 NE 1/4, Section 2, Township 10 South, Range 21 East, Mount Diablo Meridian). The maximum size of a placer claim is 20 acres per locator .

CLAIM- TUNNEL SITES*****: A tunnel site is where a tunnel is run to develop a vein or lode. It may also be used for the discovery of unknown veins or lodes. To stake a tunnel site, two stakes are placed up to 3,000 feet apart on the line of the proposed tunnel. Recordation is the same as a lode claim. Some States require additional centerline stakes (for example, in Nevada centerline stakes must be placed at 300-foot intervals). An individual may locate lode claims to cover any or all blind (not known to exist) veins or lodes intersected by the tunnel. The maximum distance these lode claims may exist is 1,500 feet on either side of the centerline of the tunnel. This, in essence, gives the mining claimant the right to prospect an area 3,000 feet wide and 3,000 feet long. Any mining claim located for a blind lode discovered while driving a tunnel relates back in time to the date of the location of the tunnel site.

CLAIM- UNPATENTED*****: An Un-patented mining claim is a particular parcel of Federal land, valuable for a specific mineral deposit or deposits. It is a parcel for which an individual has asserted a right of possession. The right is restricted to the extraction and development of a mineral deposit. The rights granted by a mining claim are valid against a challenge by the United States and other claimants only after the discovery of a valuable mineral deposit. With a Unpatented Claim: You are leasing, from the government, the right to extract minerals. No land ownership is conveyed.

CLAIM- LODE*****: Deposits subject to lode claims include classic veins or lodes having well-defined boundaries. They also include other rock in-place bearing valuable minerals and may be broad zones of mineralized rock. Examples include quartz or other veins bearing gold or other metallic minerals and large volume but low-grade disseminated metallic deposits. Lode claims are usually described as parallelograms with the longer side lines parallel to the vein or lode . Descriptions are by metes and bounds surveys (giving length and direction of each boundary line). Federal statute limits their size to a maximum of 1,500 feet in length along the vein or lodge. Their width is a maximum of 600 feet, 300 feet on either side of the centerline of the vein or lode. The end lines of the lode claim must be parallel to qualify for underground extralateral rights. Extralateral rights involve the rights to minerals that extend at depth beyond the vertical boundaries of the claim.

COLLAR** - The term applied to the timbering or concrete around the mouth of a shaft; also used to describe the top of a drill hole.

CONCENTRATE** - A product containing the valuable metal and from which most of the waste material in the ore has been removed.

CONCENTRATE. A product that has the valuable material after all the waste has been eliminated.

CORE BARREL** - That part of a string of tools in diamond drilling in which the core specimen collects.

CORE** - The long cylinder of rock, about one inch or more in diameter, that is recovered by the diamond drill.

CORE. Sometimes called core sample. A sample of rock that has been drill out of the area of interest.

Coyote - The process of digging in river-borne gravels by tunneling until bedrock is hit. The tunnel is dug in hopes of finding a rich bedrock deposit deep in the gravel bar.

CRETACEOUS. A period in history from 130 to 60 million years ago.

CROSSCUT** - A horizontal opening driven across the course of a vein or structure, or in general across the strike of the rock formation; a connection from a shaft to an ore structure.

CRUSHER** - A machine for crushing rock, such as a gyratory crusher, jaw crusher, stamp mill, etc.

CUT OFF. The lowest the grade of ore that can be mined profitably.

CYANIDATION** - A method of extracting gold or silver by dissolving it in a weak solution of sodium cyanide.

DATA VERIFICATION – the process of confirming that data has been generated with proper procedures, has been accurately transcribed from the original source and is suitable to be used.****

DE-AREATOR TANK : This tank is used to process ore into gold in hard rock mining.

DEPOSIT. An area that has a quantity of ore or other material that is deemed to be mineable.

DEVELOPMENT PROPERTY – a property that is being prepared for mineral production and for which economic viability has been demonstrated by a feasibility study.****

DEVELOPMENT** - Is the underground work carried out for the purpose of reaching and opening up a mineral deposit. It includes shaft sinking, cross-cutting, drifting and raising.

DEVONIAN. A period from about 400 to 360 million years ago.

DIAMOND DRILL** - A rotary type of rock drill in which the cutting is done by abrasion rather than percussion. The cutting bit is set with diamonds and is attached to the end of long hollow rods. The drill cuts a core of rock which is recovered in long cylindrical sections, an inch or more in diameter.

DIAMOND DRILLING. A rotary drill which cuts by abrasion rather than percussion. The bit is of diamond tips.

DIFFERENTIAL FLOTATION** - A milling process using the flotation process, by which concentrates are made of each of the various valuable minerals in an ore.

DILUTION** - Waste of low grade rock which is unavoidably removed along with the ore in the mining process.

DIP NEEDLE** - A compass whose needle is mounted so as to swing in a vertical plane, used for determining the magnetic attraction of rocks.

DIP** - The angle at which a vein, structure or rock bed is inclined from the horizontal, measured at right angles to the strike.

DISCLOSURE – any oral statement or written disclosure made by or on behalf of an issuer and intended to be, or reasonably likely to be, made available to the public in a jurisdiction of Canada, whether or not filed under securities legislation, but does not include written disclosure that is made available to the public only by reason of having been filed with a government or agency of government pursuant to a requirement of law other than securities legislation.****

DRAG FOLD** - Rock that has been folded or bent back on itself.

Dredge - A common piece of mining equipment today, the dredge sucks up dirt and gravel from within the stream bed by the use of water pressure. The dredge is operated by the use of a water pump and a network of hoses. Dredge hose sizes can be anywhere from one inch in diameter to 20 inches or more.

DREDGING. A means of extracting gold bearing materials or any other material from under water.

Drift - In mining, a drift is defined as a horizontal passageway that is excavated along a rich vein of ore. Hard rock mines usually use drifts to obtain the rich ore, though, some hard rock mines are open pit.

DRIFT (DRIVE)** - A horizontal passage underground that follow along the length of a vein or rock formation as opposed to a crosscut which crosses the rock formation.

DRIFTER** - A rock drill used for boring horizontal holes for blasting.

DRY HOUSE** - A building where the miner changes to his working clothes.

Drywasher - A common desert mining tool. The drywasher is like a highbanker but lacks the need for water. A drywasher operates by the use of wind. The light junk material is blown off the top of the sluice in the drywasher and the gold stays on the bottom. The sluice riffles in a drywasher are backwards for better recovery.

DUMP** - A pile or heap of rock or ore on the surface.

EARLY STAGE EXPLORATION PROPERTY – a property that has (a) no current mineral resources or mineral reserves defined; and (b) no drilling or trenching proposed; in a technical report being filed in a local jurisdiction.****

ELUVIAL. Material that has been moved from its source via time and water. Most placer mines are eluvial.

EXPLORATION INFORMATION – geological, geophysical, geochemical, sampling, drilling, trenching, analytical testing, assaying, mineralogical, metallurgical and other similar information concerning a particular property that is derived from activities undertaken to locate, investigate, define or delineate a mineral prospect or mineral deposit.****

EXPLORATION** - The prospecting, diamond drilling and other work involved in searching for ore.

EXTRACTION. The process of taking out the good ore from the waste materials.

FACE** - As applied to a drift, crosscut or stope, is the end in which work is progressing.

FAULT ZONE. A fault, instead of being a single clean fracture, may be a zone hundreds or thousands of feet wide. The fault zone consists of numerous interlacing small faults or a confused zone of gouge, breccia, or mylonite.

FEASIBILITY STUDY – a comprehensive study of a mineral deposit in which all geological, engineering, legal, operating, economic, social, environmental and other relevant factors are considered in sufficient detail that it could reasonably serve as the basis for a final decision by a financial institution to finance the development of the deposit for mineral production.****

FERROUS. Any mineral that containing iron.

FILTER PRESS** - This is used to filter out impurities out of gold.

FINE GOLD** - Almost pure gold. Fineness is the proportion of pure gold or silver in jewellery or bullion expressed in parts per thousand. Thus, 925 fine gold indicates 925 parts out of 1,000, or 92.5%, is pure gold.

FISSURE** - An extensive crack, break or fracture in rocks.

FISSURE. A crack or fracture in rocks.

FLOAT** - Pieces of rock that have been broken off and moved from their original location by natural forces such as frost action or glaciers.

FLOAT. Pieces rock which become separated from the main body due to time and weathering.

FLOATATION** - A milling process by which some mineral particles are induced to become attached to bubbles and float, and others to sink. In this way the valuable minerals are concentrated and separated from the worthless gangue.

Flour Gold/Gold Dust - Gold that is so fine that it looks and feels like flour or dust. "The bread and butter of prospecting.” Nuggets are just a bonus.

FLOWSHEET** - The sequence of operations, step by step, by which ore is treated in a milling, concentration, or smelting process.

FLUME. Used by the old timers, flumes were built to divert water from a source to where the mining was taking place. Like old wooded aqueducts.

Flumes - Flumes are like sluice boxes, they do not have riffles though and are used solely to transport water in areas where a ditch would be impossible (cliffsides, rocky hillsides). Two flumes were built in the construction of the China Ditch.

FOOTWALL** - The wall or rock on the underside of a vein or ore structure.

FREE MILLING** - Ores of gold or silver from which the precious metals can be recovered by concentrating methods without resort to roasting or chemical treatment.

GAMMA** - A unit of measurement of magnetic intensity.

GANGUE** - The worthless minerals associated with valuable minerals in an ore deposit.

GEIGER COUNTER** - An instrument used in the search for radioactive minerals, particulary uranium, as it is capable of detecting (by means of a Geiger Mueller tube) the rays emanating from such minerals. It registers the frequency or intensity of these rays either visually (by dial or flashing light), audibly (by earphones) or both.

GEIGER COUNTER. A device used to find and sense radioactive mineral.

GEOCHEMICAL. The study of the chemical composition of rocks, soil and other sediments.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The drilling surface rock outcroppings for the purpose of exploratory development.

GEOLOGY** - The science concerned with the study of the rocks which compose the earth.

GRAB SAMPLE. Sample of rock or material grabbed at random to be analyzed.

GreenField* - New mining area – opposite of a old, BrownField.

GRIZZLY** - A grating (usually constructed of steel rails) placed over the top of a chute or ore pass for the purpose of stopping the larger pieces of rock or ore.

GROUTING** - The process of sealing off a water flow in rocks by forcing thin cement slurry, or other chemicals into the cervices; usually done through a diamond drill hole.

GRUBSTAKE** - Finances or supplies of food, etc.,furnished a prospector on promise of some share in any discoveries he make.

GUIDES** - The timber along the sides of a shaft for the purpose of steadying, or guiding, the cage or conveyance.

HANGING WALL** - The wall or rock on the upper or top side of a vein or ore deposit.

Hard Rock Mine - A hard rock mine is a tunnel that is dug into solid rock for the sole purpose of finding valuable or precious rocks, minerals, or metals. Gold originates deep within the earth in places called Pockets. The pockets are filled with gold, heavy ore, and quartz.

Hhydraulic Mining- Hydraulic mining used water that was diverted into ditches and wooden flumes at high elevations, and gravity did the rest. Channeled through heavy iron pipes, the water exploded from a nozzle far below with a force of 5000 pounds. When that awesome stream of water was focused and directed, the mountains were literally blasted away.

Highbanker - A highbanker is a sluice box with mobility. Instead of being put right in the creek like a sluice, the highbanker uses a water pump to transport the water into higher and sometimes richer placer reserves. In addition to the ability to go just about anywhere, the highbanker also is able to run more material in less time than the sluice. These characteristics make the highbanker a common modern day mining tool.

HIGHGRADE** - Rich ore. Selective mining of the best ore in a deposit.

HIGHGRADED** - One who steals rich ore, especially gold, from a mine.

HISTORICAL ESTIMATE – an estimate of mineral resources or mineral reserves prepared prior to February 1, 2001.****

HOIST** - The machine used for raising and lowering the cage or other conveyance in a shaft.

HOST ROCK** - The rock containing an ore deposit.

HYDRAULIC** - This describes a common method of mining in which water under pressure is used to cut away banks of gold-bearing gravels or overburden. Water is brought to the operation form a "head"; the water is then discharged into a pipeline, at the end of which is a nozzle called a "monitor" or a "giant.” By using the water provided, the overburden can be cut away to expose the gold-bearing gravels which are then sluiced, using the water provided.

IMMM Reporting Code – the classification system and definitions of mineral resources and mineral reserves approved by The Institution of Materials, Minerals, and Mining in the United Kingdom, as amended.****

IN SITU. In a natural or original position.

Indicated Resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geologic and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.***

INDUCED POLARISATION. A geophysical prospecting method of passing an electrical current through the ground and measuring the effect of rocks and minerals in its path.

INDUSTRIAL MINERALS. Non metallic. Examples: Salts, silica, gravels etc.

Inferred Resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.***

INTERMEDIATE ROCKS. Igneous rocks containing between 52 and 66 percent silica. Between the chemical composition of acid and basic rocks.

JAW CRUSHER** - A machine in which the rock is broken by the action of moving steel jaws.

JIG** - An apparatus used in milling to concentrate ore on a screen submerged in water, either by a reciprocating motion of the screen or by the pulsation of water through it.

JIG. A machine used to collect concentrates of ore by water pulsation.

JORC Code – the Australasian Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves prepared by the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Mineral Council of Australia, as amended.****

Junior Mining Company* – an exploration company that looks for new deposits of gold, silver, uranium or other precious minerals. These companies target properties that are believed to have significant potential for finding large mineral deposits. They are a major source of future mine supply. They find promising properties, prove the resources, stake the raw material and bring mines into production. With highly trained geologists, geophysicists and engineers on staff, it is the junior mining company that typically is best positioned to determine whether a property is economically viable. Juniors are critical players in the early stages, bridging the long lag time between when a new deposit is found and when it is brought into production.

LAGGING** - Planks or small timbers placed along the roof of a stope or drift to prevent rocks from falling, rather than to support the main weight of the overlying rocks.

LAUNDER** - A chute or trough for conveying pulp, water or powdered ore in the milling process.

LEACHING. A process of chemical extraction of minerals from ore material. Example: Gold is extracted using the heap leach method.

LODE** - A mineral deposit in solid rock.

LODE. Mineral deposit contained in solid rock. (mother lode)

Long Tom - Similar to a sluice box, but longer and skinnier.

Measured Resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geologic and grade continuity.***

Metallurgy* - domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use.

Metallurgy, Clean* - _________________________________________________.

MILL HEADS** - The average grade of ore fed into a mill.

MILL** - a) A plant in which ore is treated for the recovery of valuable metals. b) A machine consisting of a revolving drum, for the fine grinding of ores as a preparation for treatment.

MILLING ORE** - Ore that contains sufficient valuable mineral to be treated by milling process.

MINERAL PROJECT – any exploration, development or production activity, including a royalty interest or similar interest in these activities, in respect of diamonds, natural solid inorganic material, or natural solid fossilized organic material including base and precious metals, coal, and industrial minerals.****

Mineral Reserve is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A mineral reserve includes diluting materials and allowances or losses that may occur when the material is mined. Mineral reserves are subdivided in order of increasing confidence into probable mineral reserves and proven mineral reserves.***

Mineral Resource is a concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Mineral resources are subdivided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into inferred, indicated and measured categories.***

MONITOR** - An apparatus fitted with a nozzle and used to direct water under high pressure in order to remove overburden or to break down gold-bearing gravels in order to sluice them. Also known as a "giant.”

Mother Lode - Every miner hopes of finding their own "mother lode" or source of the gold that's laden in the rivers. A mother lode is where the gold is trapped inside veins of quartz on mountain sides. The erosion of land causes the gold to break away from this source and eventually wash down into the river. The larger the pieces of gold being found in the river, the closer one is to the mother lode. Mother lode also refers to the vast area in Central California where gold was found. It was called the mother lode, because the whole area was a source, not just a small target area.

MOTHERLODE** - The starting place or origin of a metal. A vein which contains the original metal "in place.”

NATIONAL INSTRUMENT 43-101 (NI 43-101). Is a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) and administered by the provincial securities commissions that govern how issuers disclose scientific and technical information about their mineral projects to the public. It covers oral statements as well as written documents and websites. It requires that all disclosure be based on advice by a "qualified person" and in some circumstances that the person be independent of the issuer and the property. A qualified person (QP) as defined in NI 43-101 as an individual who:

a) is an engineer or geoscientist with at least five years of experience in mineral exploration, mine development or operation or mineral project assessment, or any combination of these;

b) has experience relevant to the subject matter of the mineral project and the technical report;

c) is a member in good standing of a professional association.

NI 44-101 – National Instrument 44-101 Short Form Prospectus Distributions.****

NUGGET** - A water-worn piece of precious metal, usually implying some size.

Open Pit Mine - In search of rich veins of quartz, open pit mines are common today. Because of the danger associated with drifts, open pit mines are dug from the ground down and are never tunneled. They can be best described as, "A big hole.”

Ore - Any natural combination of minerals. Especially one from which a metal or metals can be profitably extracted. Commonly a mixture of one or more of the following: quartz, gold, copper, silver, sulfer, iron, and nickel.

ORE RESERVE. The amount of ore that is available for extraction.

ORE** - A mixture of ore minerals and gangue from which at least one of the metals can be extracted at a profit.

ORE-BEARING** - Rock that has some type of ore present in its composition.

OVERBURDEN. Material such us dirt, clay and sand that cover e surface area.

Pack Train - Pack trains were used to transport the bare necessities to miners and loggers in the 19th century. They usually consisted of 5 or more horses or mules and a few men.

PALEOZOIC. The time between the Pre Cambrian and the Mesozoic.

PAN** - To wash gravel or rock that have been ground in a pan to separate gold.

PAYDIRT. The pay. The material washed in sluicing that contains the gold.

PEBBLE MILL** - A grinding mill similar in construction and action as a ball mill, but in which the charge is made up of hard pebbles in place of the more conventional steel balls.

PERCUSSION DRILLING. A method of drilling process that involves hammering the drill bit down the hole.

PERMIAN. A time period from about 290 to 240 million years ago.

Placer Mines - Placer Mining is the most common form of mining, it involves mining gold that has been washed away from its motherlode (or source) and deposited in small cracks, holes, or sand bars in the mainstream of a river.. It almost always involves the use of water in some way or another. Placer mining tools generally include the rocker box, sluice, dredge, highbanker, shaker table, drywasher, and always the pan. Placer Claims are 20 acres, and many modern miners have their own placer claim.

PLACER** - An alluvial deposit of sand and gravel containing valuable minerals such as gold.

PLACER. Referred to mostly in gold. Mining the surface. Eluvial type mining.

PLANT** - A group of buildings, and especially to their contained equipment , in which a process or function is carried out; on a mine it will include warehouses, hoisting equipment, compressors, repair shops, offices, mill or concentrator.

Pocket - In mining, a pocket is defined as a cavity filled with ore, or a rich deposit of precious metal.

POCKETS** - These are cavities in the earth, filled with ore, or a rich deposit of gold.

PORTAL** - The surface entrance to a tunnel or adit.

PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY – see PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY****

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT – a study that includes an economic analysis of the potential viability of mineral resources taken at an early stage of the project prior to the completion of a preliminary feasibility study.****

PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY and PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY each mean a comprehensive study of the viability of a mineral project that has advanced to a stage where the mining method, in the case of underground mining, or the pit Rules and Policies December 23, 2005 (2005) 28 OSCB 10358 configuration, in the case of an open pit, has been established and an effective method of mineral processing has been determined, and includes a financial analysis based on reasonable assumptions of technical, engineering, legal, operating, economic, social, and environmental factors and the evaluation of other relevant factors which are sufficient for a qualified person, acting reasonably, to determine if all or part of the mineral resource may be classified as a mineral reserve.****

Probable Reserve is the economically mineable part of an indicated, and in some circumstances, a measured mineral resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified.***

PRODUCING ISSUER – an issuer with annual audited financial statements that disclose (a) gross revenues, derived from mining operations, of at least $30 million for the issuer’s most recently completed financial year; and (b) gross revenues, derived from mining operations, of at least $90 million in the aggregate for the issuer’s three most recently completed financial years.****

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION – a self-regulatory organization of engineers, geoscientists or both engineers and geoscientists that (a) is (i) given authority or recognition by statute in a jurisdiction of Canada, or (ii) a foreign association listed in Appendix A; (b) admits individuals on the basis of their academic qualifications and experience; (c) requires compliance with the professional standards of competence and ethics established by the organization; and (d) has disciplinary powers, including the power to suspend or expel a member.****

Prospect - Can have many different definitions to a miner. A prospect could be a hope for or anticipation of making a profit in mining. It can also mean to search for gold. Another definition can state it as meaning a place where a mineral deposit is sought or found.

PROSPECT** - A mining property, the value of which has not been proved by exploration.

Proven Reserve is the economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified.***

PULP** - A name for gold in the mining process.

PYRITE** - A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral, being a sulphide of iron. It is sometimes called "fools gold.”

PYRITES. A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral, FeS2 or iron disulfide, generally Also called iron pyrites, mica pyrites, fool's gold, sulfur balls.

QUALIFIED PERSON – an individual who (a) is an engineer or geoscientist with at least five years of experience in mineral exploration, mine development or operation or mineral project assessment, or any combination of these; (b) has experience relevant to the subject matter of the mineral project and the technical report; and (c) is in good standing with a professional association and, in the case of a foreign association listed in Appendix A, has the corresponding designation in Appendix A.****

QUANTITY – either tonnage or volume, depending on which term is the standard in the mining industry for the type of mineral.****

QUATERNARY. A time period dating from about 1.8 million years ago to the present.

RAISE** - A vertical or inclined underground working that has been excavated from the bottom upward.

RAKE** - The trend of an ore body along the direction of its strike.

REAMING SHELL** - A component of a string of rods used in diamond drilling; it is set with diamonds, and placed between the bit and the core barrel to maintain the gauge of the hole.

RECOVERY** - The percentage of valuable metal in the ore that is recovered by metallurgical treatment.

ROCK BURST** - The sudden failure of walls or pillars in a mine caused by the weight of pressure of the surrounding rocks, and accompanied by a violent release of energy.

ROCKBOLTING** - The act of consolidating roof strata by means of anchoring and tensioning steel bolts in holes especially drilled for the purpose.

Rocker Box or Cradle - Today, the rocker box is not used as extensively as the sluice, but still is an effective method of recovering gold in dryer than usual areas. Like a sluice box the rocker box has riffles and a carpet in it to trap the gold. It was designed to be used in areas with less water than a sluice box. The process involves pouring water out of a small cup and then rocking the small sluice box like a cradle, thus the name rocker box or cradle.

ROD MILL** - A rotating cylindrical mill which employs steel rods as a grinding medium.

ROTARY DRILLING. A drilling method where the drill pipe and bit is rotated and allowed to drill its way down.

ROYALTIES. Money owed to the claim holder or owner. NSR (net smelter royalty)

SAMPLE** - A small portion of rock or mineral deposit, usually taken for the purpose of being assayed to determine possible content of valuable elements.

SAMREC Code – the South African Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves prepared by the South African Mineral Committee (SAMREC) under the auspices of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM), as amended.****

SEC Industry Guide 7 – the mining industry guide entitled Description of Property by Issuers Engaged or to be Engaged in Significant Mining Operations contained in the Securities Act Industry Guides published by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, as amended.****

SHAFT** - A vertical or inclined excavation for the purpose of opening and servicing a mine. It is usually equipped with a hoist at the top, which lowers and raises a conveyance for handling men and material.

SHAFT. A vertical excavation used for the purpose of opening a mine.

SHAKER SCREEN** - This screen filters out impurities in milling of gold.

Shaker Table - Shaker tables are like giant gold pans. An engine drives a belt that vibrates a huge bucket. Instead of the junk material being separated from the gold, the gold is seperated from the junk. The vibration of the bucket causes the gold to settle to the bottom, the junk goes into a small classifier and is dumped out into a tailing pile.

SHOOT. A concentration of mineral values.

SKIP** - A self-dumping type of bucket used in a shaft for hoisting ore or rock.

SLAG. The waste product from smelting.

Sluice Box - The Sluice Box is the most commonly used tool in mining aside from the shovel and pan. A long, narrow, wood or metal artificial channel that water passes through when put in a creek or stream. Nineteenth century miners used and twentieth century miners still use sluice boxes to separate the dirt and junk material away from the gold. Gold, the most dense metal known to man, stays in the sluice box because of its heavy weight.

SLUICE. A long trough with riffles used to catch gold.

Sourdough - A highly experienced miner who has prospected for many years.

SQUARE SET** - A set of timbers used for support in underground mining, consisting of cap, girt and post.

STATION** - An enlargement of a shaft made of the level horizon used primarily for the storage and handling of equipment.

STOCK PILE** - Broken ore accumulated in a heap on the surface, pending treatment or shipment.

Stope - A step-like excavation formed by the removal of ore from around a mine shaft.

STOPE** - An excavation in a mine from which ore is being or has been extracted.

SUMP** - An excavation underground for the purpose of catching or storing water; the bottom of a shaft is commonly used for this purpose.

Tailing Pile - Gravel, dirt, and rocks with no gold. Whatever is left behind from mining activity. Occasionally, a gold nugget can slip out of a mining classifier or piece of equipment and end up in the tailing pile, but in modern sluice boxes most of the gold never makes it to the tailing pile.

TAILINGS** - Material rejected from a mill after the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted.

TAILINGS. Material left over after the rock has been processed of its ore.

TECHNICAL REPORT – a report prepared and filed in accordance with this Instrument and Form 43-101F1 Technical Report that does not omit any material scientific and technical information in respect of the subject property as of the date of the filing of the report; ****

Ten Bagger* – Produces 10x the investment – rare

TERTIARY. A time dating from about 65 to 2 million years ago.

TRAM** - To haul cars of ore or waste in a mine.

TROMMEL. A machine that washes placer material by rotation.

TROY OUNCES** - A type of measurement for gold. A troy is different than an ounce.

TUBE MILL** - A piece of milling equipment consisting of a revolving cylinder half filled with steel rods or balls and into which crushed ore is fed for fine grinding; the material to be ground is mixed with water or other solution and comes out as a slurry.

TUNNEL** - A horizontal underground passage that is open at both ends; the term is loosely applied in many cases to an adit, which is open at only one end.

ULTRABASIC. Igneous rock containing less than 45 percent silica.

ULTRAMAFIC. Igneous rock composed essentially of iron and magnesium.

VEIN** - A fissure, fault or crack in a rock filled by minerals that have travelled upwards from some deep source.

VEIN. An fracture or crack in a rock that contains mineralized material.

VUG. A cavity in a rock.

WEDGE** - As used in diamond drilling, refers to the placing of a wedge at some point in the hole for the purpose of deflecting the bit in another direction.

WINZE** - A vertical or inclined opening sunk from a point inside a mine. Similar to a shaft, but the latter starts at the surface.

WRITTEN DISCLOSURE – any writing, picture, map or other printed representation whether produced, stored or disseminated on paper or electronically, including websites.****

Appendix - JuniorMiners.com

Mining Glossary

Appendix - JuniorMiners.com

Symbols & Meanings

A Bit About Gold

Commonly Used Gold Weights

DWT is an abbreviation for penny weight.

Specific Gravity Of Minerals

NOTES